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I even commend those that go to work and do school all at the same time. That works very well for some people, but not quite for me especially online. I have to find what works for me. Career Goals I am in the mist of changing careers from the military to hopefully finding a job doing Transportation Logistics as a civilian. I believe it would be more beneficial to me to get certified rather than going a degree in this field. For instance, if had a bachelors degree in my career field would over qualify me most of the job offers they have posted. I will continue to pursue my associates degree, but most likely in a classroom setting than online.My goal from there on out is to buy my time spent in the military, so that I can retire. In order to achieve this must get a federal equivalent job. I am looking to go anywhere to make this a dream a reality. Will travel to Europe, Asia, and even cross the border into Canada. I am just looking to one have a family, and a wife I can call my very o wn. Over all, I want to live by the Twelve Principles of Islam which are: knowledge, wisdom, understanding freedom, justice, equality. We will continue with: food clothing shelter, love, peace and peppiness. I have simple reasonable goals, nothing big.Time Management Techniques My success in college solely depends on me. Know that I can procrastinate a lot, but it's not totally my fault. For me balancing work and school is very difficult. I rather do one or the other. Now with that being said, I have decided to put school on hold until I get of the army. It's not like can't manage my time. It's just that at the end of the day what time do have left to manage. Get up at 4:30 am, and return home at ten o'clock at night. This is the reason why I have late assignments, and I had to pay for extra time on his class.Us Mary In summary I have discussed my career goals, and time management problems. I think I have some realistic goals and I can accomplish them on my own terms. I really want these things for me, and know in order to get them I will have to separate myself from the military. I think it will help with my time management skill, and really bring down my stress level.

Contribution of Arts in the Uplift of Society Essay

The meaning of â€Å"art† has changed since the industrial revolution and a clarification has to come if we should be able to handle the problem from our own angle. First of all, the esotery of art must disappear; its limitation to specialists; the mysticism around it; the looking out for geniuses only. It is good to believe that in the future art may be explained in intellectual terms with greater clarity than it is possible today. Psychoanalysis already shows the mechanics of dreams, the role of the unconscious. The hope is justified that the mechanics of creative work and its sources will be unveiled one day as well. This may be the preliminary step to understanding its necessary community function and also its vital importance for the individual. He must be activized by doing instead of being merely a receptive participant. Our mass-produced civilization, the tiresome work at the conveyor belts, the cheap narcotics given in records, books, papers, magazines, cinema, radio and, of course, the disappearance of leisure killed folk art. The artist who already started to become a specialist in the craftsman-guilds of the middle ages took over every aspect of its functions. Specialization was forced upon us through hundreds of ungoverned happening and their mostly unforeseen effects; through hastened decisions in accepting and developing the machine as the only means of production; through a first unexpected but later forced gigantic growth of population, profit motives, etc., all claimed today as providential or â€Å"economic† necessities. For the time being, very few people know that the present form of specialization is a terrible weapon against us, against human nature. I am not speaking against the machine or the machine age. The machine is a splendid invention and will form the new basis for a more developed human society. But after the glorious technomania of the twenties, we know today that man cannot master the machine until he has leanred to master himself. But how can he achieve this when he even does not know what he possesses, what his abilities and capacities are? He has delivered himself to thoughtless specialization which results in the development of certain of his faculties and—as a consequence of this—in a rather unnatural passivity outside of his specialized work. People are taught that the best way of living is to buy other people’s energy, to use other people’s skill. In other words, a dangerous metropolitan dogma developed that the different subject matters are best handled by experts and no one should violate the borders of his specialized work of profession. So through the division of labor and the mechanized methods not only the production of daily necessities and goods has passed into the hands of specialists but almost every outlet for the emotional life as well. Today the artist-specialists have to provide for emotions. They are paid—if they are—for that. The sad consequence is that the biological interest in everything within the spheres of human existence becomes suffocated by the tinsel of a seemingly easygoing life. Man who has biologically the potential to comprehend the world with the entirety of his abilities, to conceive and express himself through different media, the word, tone, color, etc., agrees voluntarily to the amputation of these most valuable potentialities. Nothing proves better the lost feeling for the fundamentals of human life than the fact that has to be emphasized today: Feeling and thinking and their expression in any media belong to the normal living standard of man; to live without them means starvation of the intellectual and emotional side of life as missing food means starvation of the body. The non-verbalized expression of feeling is what we may call art, but not art on a pedestal. Art is a community matter transcending the limitations of specialization. It is the most intimate language of the senses, indispensable for the individual in society. Its function is to be a seismograph of the relationships of the individual to the world, intuitive re-creation of the balance between the emotional, intellectual and social existences of the individual. Everywhere in the world, since about 1910, young artists have tried to understand this. They searched for the best way to express themselves, to solve the problems which painting, sculpture, writing, composition brought to them. They did not search for â€Å"art†, but for sincere expression. Intuitively they returned to the fundamentals of the media—the painter to color and light, the sculptor to volume, the architect to space, the composer to tone, the writer to the word. Their work opens the way to the lost emotional sensorial sources and to a kind of socio-biology of the human being. But yet there is a great lag in the people’s mind concerning the benefits of this appro ach. Nothing more surprising has happened in the life of a nation, expcept perhaps in Russia, than the establishing of the Federal Art Project in the United States of America. Though it started as a part of the Social Security Act of the WPA it grew in a short time beyond this relief aspect. The Federal Art Project gave the country a new valuation of the arts, badly needed as the pioneers bringing civilization over a continent with audacity and hard physical work could not see in the arts for a long time anything but luxury. The Federal Art Project broke down this fallacy. It represented a gigantic educational work, not in the sense that it â€Å"brought art to the people† or created art for the people, but that it tried to anchor it in, with, among, and of the people. Since the Federal Art Project is liquidated, a greater responsibility lies with the educators of this country than ever before. It is up to them to see that art should be a part of life. This could be done early, but not as a timetable subject segregated from the other branches of the curriclum, but as an interpenetrating reality with all of them. If the unity of art can be established with all the subject matters taught and exercised, then a real reconstruction of this world could be hoped for—more balanced and less dangerous.

Hamlet Philosophy Essay

Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, is an Elizabethan tragedy. Hamlet, a young Prince of Denmark, suffers a dilemma between the unrelenting ambition of revenge and clashing moral standards. This is very much a play about revenge, but the reason that it continues to intrigue literary and theatrical audiences for almost 400 years, is because of the underlying philosophical meanings. Hamlet is more a philosophical play than it is a play about revenge. Throughout the play, Hamlet analyzes the uncertainty that death brings, questions the final arbiter in judgement and defies society’s belief in the great chain of being. Hamlet is surrounded by death. However, he is the only character that confronts death philosophically. Despite the revenge he is planning, Hamlet considers taking his own life. He strives to extract revenge upon Claudius, but the more guidance he seeks, the more lost and indecisive he becomes. Hamlet seriously questions if life is worth living from his life crisis. This is seen in Hamlet’s most famous soliloquy, that is said at the kingdom of Elsinore, before being spied upon by Claudius and Polonius. â€Å"To be, or not to be? That is the question: / Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, / And, by opposing, end them? To die, to sleep— / No more—and by a sleep to say we end / The heartache and the thousand natural shocks / That flesh is heir to—’tis a consummation/ Devoutly to be wished! To die, to sleep. / To sleep, perchance to dream—ay, there’s the rub, / For in that sleep of death what dreams may come / When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, / Must give us pause. There’s the respect / That makes calamity of so long life. / For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, / Th’ oppressor’s wrong, the proud man’s contumely, / The pangs of despised love, the law’s delay, / The insolence of office, and the spurns /That patient merit of th’ unworthy takes, / When he himself might his quietus make / With a bare bodkin? Who would fardels bear, / To grunt and sweat under a weary life, / But that the dread of something after death, / The undiscovered country from whose bourn / No traveler returns, puzzles the will / And makes us rather bear those ills we have / Than fly to others that we know not of? / Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, / And thus the native hue of resolution / Is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought, / And enterprises of great pith and moment / With this regard their currents turn awry, / And lose the name of action. â€Å"(3. 1. 57-89) In this soliloquy, Hamlet speculates if suicide is preferable; but it soon occurs to him that death is not a way out, because it is not possible to know what fate comes after death. Hamlet contemplates that the journey to death may lead to an eternal sleep, but it may not; the next life may in fact be worse that the life we are aware of. It is the uncertainty death brings that inhibits people from ending their lives. Furthermore, Hamlet also questions the final arbiter in judgement. This is seen when Hamlet discovers the treachery of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s visit, and reveals his depression . â€Å"Why, then, ’tis none to you: for there is nothing / either good or bad but thinking makes it so: to me it is a prison. â€Å"(2. 2. 249-251) Hamlet is referring to how there is no final arbiter in judgement, but that people with differing morals and ethics decide to believe in desired opinions that correspond to their beliefs. This observation that Hamlet makes can be compared to the philosophy of existentialism, which holds that â€Å"The starting point of philosophical thinking must be the experience of the individual. † (Existentialism) Hamlet is referring to how there is no definitive truth but only subjective truth, and society’s accepted values will favour one kind of truth, no matter how flawed it may be. Lastly, Hamlet’s fascination with death leads him to draw his own conclusions on the moral beliefs of society. Hamlet challenges the great chain of being; the religious hierarchal structure of all matter and life on earth. Upon his obsession with death, Hamlet asks Horatio for guidance on his perceived speculations at the cemetery about Alexander the Great. â€Å"No, faith, not a jot. But to follow him thither with / modesty enough, and likelihood to lead it, as thus: / Alexander died, Alexander was buried, Alexander / returned into dust; the dust is earth; of earth we make / loam: and why of that loam, whereto he was converted, / might they not stop a beer barrel? / Imperious Caesar, dead and turn’d to clay, / Might stop a hole to keep the wind away: / Oh, that that earth which kept the world in awe, / Should patch a wall to expel the winter’s flaw! â€Å"(5. 1. 201-210) Hamlet realizes that death is the inevitable fate of everyman; that the fate of everyman is a journey into dust. Death eliminates the differences between all people, regardless of how distinguished or insignificant they may be. Hamlet concludes that the great chain of being is false and everything in it, ultimately crumbles into dust, just like the bones in the cemetery. Hamlet is more a play about philosophical ideas and speculations, than it is a play about vengeance. There have been an exorbitant amount of tragedies produced, but Hamlet remains the most produced and analyzed Shakespearean play of all time because of all of the philosophical meanings and interpretations. Hamlet philosophies over death, judgement and the great chain of being. The most prominent philosophical idea in Hamlet is the mysteriousness of death. Interestingly, in Hamlet’s soliloquy â€Å"To be, or not to be: That is the question†¦ † (3. 1.57-89), it is addressed as the question, not a question. This can be interpreted as the most important question a person may ever have to face in life. Indeed, Hamlet is Shakespeare’s philosopher. Perhaps Shakespeare was attempting to philosophically question society’s motives in life, similar to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a theory of successive human motivation. References â€Å"Existentialism. † n. d. Wikipedia. 06 December 2012. . Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Toronto: Harcourt Canada Ltd. , n. d.

Rousseau and the Social Contract Tradition Essay

Rousseau and the Social Contract Tradition - Essay Example The major theme of Rousseau’s writings is based on this notion since he notes the way man’s own freedom has been compromised by the Civil Society’s formation. Rousseau favors the development of social contract that cannot be permeated by the stakes instead of social contract tradition. The main goal should be to promote human equality and individual liberty. Nevertheless, such a social contract can only be realized if the private interests are denounced by the members of society and if they commit to the general will’s cordons. It lies within the general will’s realms that Rousseau associates the legitimacy of political authority only with its alignment with the people’s desires. Any men who follow the general will’s principles cannot require their fellow men into activities which might betray their conscience. All men are free but they can obtain freedom only by following the laws which implement harmony and order in the society. In a ddition, Rousseau asserts that people should make conventions that develop lasting concords between social order and the liberty of people. It can be said that the propositions of Rousseau are sound philosophically. He has made realistic and reasonable suggestions. However, Rousseau has not accurately given examples of general will which leaves men with almost no option, but to advance the tradition of the social contract for progress. This is the reason why democracy still sustains even though he might not have chosen democracy for governance.

CRJS478DB4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CRJS478DB4 - Research Paper Example These contaminants can affect the entire results of DNA profiling and should be avoided. In regard to analysis of DNA the most significant contaminants involve cross contamination which arises from non-related samples other than the sample being tested. The effect of these contaminants is that it can skew the results of the test and give inaccurate results (Butler, 2011). Some notable court cases involving contamination of DNA include the O.J Simpson case and the Amanda Knox case. In both these cases the court struck out DNA evidence because of the possibility of the evidence being contaminated. The outcomes of these cases are favorable for contamination of DNA evidence compromises the results of the test and renders the evidence unreliable and as such should not be used to convict suspects. DNA profiling is an important aspect in the criminal justice system because it provides the courts the possibility to determine whether blood, saliva or other biological substances located at the scene of crime belong to the person accused of committing the crime. The use of DNA evidence is essential to the courts as it is an accurate method for suspect identification (Remillard, et al. 2013). Remillard, E. M., Taylor, L. K., Layshock, J., Van Cuyk, S., & Omberg, K. M. (2013). Detecting laboratory DNA contamination using polyester-rayon wipes: A method validation study. Journal of microbiological methods, 92 (3),

Natural and houman life in Mono Lake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Natural and houman life in Mono Lake - Essay Example While many species find the lake unfavorable for life due to its high pH and alkalinity, the alkali flies find a lot of benefit in these conditions (Herbst1& Bradley1 670). The water of the lake provides a natural breeding ground to the flies much as it provides good ground for feeding as it is filled with different kinds of algae; blue and green (Herbst1& Bradley1 670). Many species of birds live around Mono Lake and many others travel from as far as South America and take time to rest and rejuvenate on as they migrate from different places. The birds mostly find the Mono Lake a suitable ground for breeding as there is plentiful supply of food in the form of alkali flies and brine shrimps, especially between mid summer and fall (Cash & Bradley 312). It is estimated that over 100 bird species in totaling millions grace the Mono lake area at different times of the year (Mono Basin Ecosystem Study Committee of the National Research Council 46). It is estimated that more than 44,000 California Gulls find breeding ground around the lake in spring every year (Mono Basin Ecosystem Study Committee of the National Research Council 46). Some of the birds that are found in the wider Mono Lake region include red-necked phalaropes, flamingoes, egrets, Wilsons phalaropes, horned lark , bank swallow, dusky flycatcher, stellers jay, scrub jay and eared grebes, to name but a few. While the population of water fowls such as ducks was high in the lake several decades ago, this is no longer the case. The ducks, Gadwalls, Geese, Mallards,and Green-winged Teals have almost disappeared over the years as a consequence of the diversion of the river that flowed into the lake in 1941. Humans have lived in the Mono Lake region for a long time. The Kutzadikaa people find benefit from the lake in that they normally hunt alkali flies for food during winter periods as noted by Herbst and Bradley (193). For the different bird species and the tufa mounds that

Empire Windrush Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Empire Windrush - Essay Example The continuous process of the country's growth is a never-ending process, which accounts for the present societal circumstance the Empire has. Its multicultural affinity to various regions in the world has opened up countless opportunities towards improvement of the living standards in Britain. At present, more than 5% of the British population originated from parentage that is predominantly non-British. These include the Chinese, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Russian, Africans and Americans (Schiavone, 2003). Also, the number of overseas workers continues to surge ahead. This openness to diverse cultures has paved way for the present status of Britain constituting of different mixtures of excellent methods of civilisation. In addition to that, it also gave way for the country's rich knowledge in different fields including international marketing. Truly, the cultural affinity of the country has led to knowledge cultivation that the country presently enjoys and utilizes towards prov iding a higher degree of citizen satisfaction. Incontestably, the modern Britain owes its current prominence to its history. Britain's rich history is indeed one of the major contributing factors to the country's high quality of life. Judging by its wealthy heritage, numerous historians have long predicted the respectability that previously awaited the country. Indeed, one of the strongest bases for such predictions is the Empire Windrush. The Empire Windrush is a gigantic ship that sailed from Britain to different parts of the world. It is a significant landmark in the multiculturalism background of modern Britain (Kurdi, 2000). The ship Empire Windrush brought the first group of approximately five hundred immigrants to Tilbury near London on June 22, 1948. The Windrush was en route from Australia to England via the Atlantic, docking in Kingston, Jamaica. An advertisement had appeared in a Jamaica newspaper offering cheap transport on the ship for anybody who wanted to come and work in the UK. There was plenty of work in post war Britain and industries such as British Rail, the National Health Service and public transport recruited almost exclusively from Jamaica and Barbados. Though African-Caribbean were encouraged to journey to Britain via immigration campaigns created by successive British governments, many new arrivals were to endure intolerance and extreme racism from certain sectors of indigenous British society. This was to mark African-Caribbean relations with the wider community over a long period. Early African-Carribean immigrants found private employment and housing denied to them on the basis o f race. Housing was in short supply following the wartime bombing, and the shortage led to some of the first clashes with the established white community. Clashes continued and worsened into the 1950s, and there were riots in cities including London, Birmingham and Nottingham. The Second World War paved way for a number of number of outlets including science, technology, art, literature, culture and most of all socio-economic development in a distinct manner. It should be noted immigration changes the demography of a nation and why only demography It influences the local population in a diverse manner whereby the immigrants, though economically backward, generally, bring in their exotic culture and distinct

How will a confederate system in the GCC serve as a tool of Term Paper

How will a confederate system in the GCC serve as a tool of self-defense against foreign powers - Term Paper Example â€Å"The GCC, founded in 1981 as an economic and political group, includes Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman and Bahrain. They chose a confederation system† (Hawari). The confederate system in the GCC has many advantages and disadvantages. The threat from Iran is successfully blocked by the confederate system in the GCC. The political problems in the member country Bahrain is currently causing problems to the stability of GCC. United States is looking for an opportunity to interfere in Bahrain as they did in Iraq. The confederate system in the GCC can do many things to bring stability in Bahrain and to block United States from interfering in Bahrain. â€Å"At the conclusion of a two-day summit held in Riyadh on December 20, 2011, GCC leaders endorsed a proposal by King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia to transform the GCC into a union of member states† (Al-Jayousi). This paper analyses the advantages and disadvantages of confederate system in the GCC; How GCC would protect themselves from the threats of Iran; How it would help bring stability to Bahrain and How it would stop the United States from using Bahrain as a way of intervention etc. A confederation â€Å"Makes it possible for the several states to cooperate in matters of common concern and also retain their separate identities†(Advantages and disadvantages of federal, confederate and unitary systems of Government). Increased cooperation between different countries under a common label will always increase the bargaining power of the confederation. For example, majority of the GCC countries are major suppliers of oil in international market. They can control oil production based on the demand and thus control the oil prices in international market. It should be noted that if individual GCC countries implement their own policies with respect to oil production and supply, internal

Oracle and Machiavellian Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oracle and Machiavellian Philosophy - Essay Example For instance, when a firm increases it prices by few cents, the consumers may want to fight back by making many complaints towards the company or deciding not to buy the goods. However, on the other hand, when a firm increases the prices at the higher range, the consumers will be surprised but still purchase the goods as they do not have any choice. The company is dedicated to creating quality products and services and as a result, the company has introduced unified process automation systems, services, and products. Its goals are to have products and services that will ensure that they give automated systems integrated with diverse business analytic functions for the consumers. Oracle has focused on â€Å"pampering† all its stakeholders. The key stakeholders that the company has placed them to the center of their operations are the customers. Oracle has implemented a Led-innovation strategy that ensures that the company all its services and products are aligned with the consu mers’ requirements contrasting the internal company goals. Before introducing any product or services, the company tends to research on the customer’s needs. For its standards, the company has implemented the ethical principle of honesty that is upholding the high standards for the Oracle Corporation. The principle provides honesty for the corporations and its employees as they deal with partners and stakeholders along with the company's customers. The company has embraced the ethical business ethics of honesty and with this code.

Time you were shamed Essay Example for Free

Time you were shamed Essay Ive had great embarrassing moments in my life. Most occurred during my childhood days. One of these happened when I was 8. I got my   most humiliating spanking which I will never forget in my entire life.   Studying should be at the top of every students priority. During this age I need to do some homework everyday.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My parents used to monitor my studies and pay lots of attention to my school work and the grades on my report card. I was a very lazy kid and forgot to do my homework most of the time. My teacher once caught having no homework. She then decided to report it to my parents. We have a school handbook wherein every important school reminder should be written. My teacher wrote a letter to my parents that they were supposed to read and to sign. I really wanted to avoid any punishment from my parents and so I confidently signed the letter by forging their signature. It was a very bad idea since a childs handwriting is far different from an adults . The next day it was time for my teacher to see if my parents were already aware of my misbehavior and told me that she wanted to talk to them after the class. I can never forget the day after that. It was Saturday which meant no class and so I have to face the truth since my parents already knew what I did. Two birds in one stone. First is by not doing homework and next is by copying their handwriting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I woke up I went to the bathroom downstairs but my father saw me already and told me that I should be punished. He grabbed my arms and took me to the kitchen. I was about to pee in my pants and to my surprise, dad pulled down my pajamas and slid it together with my underwear to my ankles. I was standing naked and what I didnt notice was that my mom and my teacher on the subject which I failed to do homework were standing right in front of me. They both saw everything and were both staring at my genitals and laughing. It was very embarrassing and I was really ashamed of my lazy deed.

Gel Electrophoresis In Analysis Of Sickle Cell Genes

Gel Electrophoresis In Analysis Of Sickle Cell Genes This experiment was carried out in order to outline a scheme for the investigation of Sickle Cell Gene Analysis and to understand and carry out the agarose gel electrophoresis. Besides that, the importance of restriction enzyme and the mechanism of the enzyme in separating the specific amino acid sequence were completely understood. The fragment bands observed on the gel electrophoresis from the experiment results was interpreted and understood. The controls (tube A-C) and 3 DNA samples [tube D (Mother), E (Unborn Child), F (Father)] which was amplified and digested with the MST 11 enzyme was analysed for the sickle cell genes using gel electrophoresis. Once the electrophoresis apparatus and the gel were prepared, the controls and the samples were loaded consecutively into the respective wells. The power source was set at 125V and left to run for 30 minutes. Following that, the gel was then stained using the Ethidium Bromide staining card. The gel was left to stain for 15 to 20 minut es and was later observed under a UV Transilluminator. Tube B (control), D (Mother) and F (Father) was heterozygous for Sickle Cell Disease, Hb AS whereas tube E (Unborn child) was homozygous for Sickle Cell Disease, Hb SS. Sickle Cell gene analysis is essential for reasons such as preparation of financial source to carry out treatment for the child if the child appears to be Hb SS. Treatments such as bone marrow transplantation and blood transfusion can be done to manage and treat Sickle Cell Disease children. Introduction Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder, characterized by the presence of sickle shaped red blood cells (Figure 1) (Wun and Hassell, 2009) (Oniyangi and Omari, 2006) (Stuart and Nagel, 2004). http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/blood/sickle_cell_anemia2.jpg Normal healthy individuals carries 3 main haemoglobins; Haemoglobin A (Hb A), Haemoglobin A2 (Hb A2) and Haemoglobin F (Hb F) (Wood et al, 1976). In Hb A, the glutamic acid (GAG) is situated on the 6th position of the ÃŽ ²- globin chain. Mutation of a single nucleotide (GAG to GTG) (Pan et al, 2007) (Stuart and Nagel, 2004) which takes place in the 6th position of the ÃŽ ²- globin chain (Figure 2) (Wun and Hassell, 2009) (Cleon et al, 2009) of Hb A results in the formation of Haemoglobin S (Hb S) which causes SCD (Pan et al, 2007) (Cleon et al, 2009) (Stuart and Nagel, 2004). The acidic (negative charged) glutamic acid is replaced by the polar (neutral) valine (Frenette and Atweh, 2007) (Cleon et al, 2009) (Stuart and Nagel, 2004). Sickle cell genes (autosomal recessive) are inherited from the parents (Figure 3) (Frenette and Atweh, 2007) (Wun and Hassell, 2009). One copy of gene are passed down from each parent to the fetus, therefore, a fetus will have 2 copies of genes to make the ÃŽ ²- globin. Heterozygous SCD patients (carriers) (Hb AS) had inherited 1 copy of normal gene and 1 copy of defective gene whereas homozygous SCD patients (Hb SS) had inherited 2 copies of defective genes (Frenette and Atweh, 2007) (Makani et al, 2010) (Oniyangi and Omari, 2006). The amount of defective genes in heterozygous patients is insufficient to cause symptoms because they have a proportion of normal genes as well. (Makani et al, 2010). Therefore, most SCD carriers are unaware of the presence of Hb S in them. Homozygous SCD patients has insufficient normal genes; therefore symptoms of SCD are clearly demonstrated by them (Makani et al, 2010) (Oniyangi and Omari, 2006). The image shows how sickle cell genes are inherited. A person inherits two copies of the hemoglobin gene-one from each parent. A normal gene will make normal hemoglobin (A). An abnormal (sickle cell) gene will make abnormal hemoglobin (S). When each parent has a normal gene and an abnormal gene, each child has: a 25 percent chance of inheriting two normal genes; a 50 percent chance of inheriting one normal gene and one abnormal gene; and a 25 percent chance of inheriting two abnormal genes. If both parents are carriers for SCD, the child has a 50% chance of being carriers, 25% chance of being homozygous for SCD and 25% chance of having 2 copies of normal genes (National Blood, Lung and Heart Institute). Sickle Cell gene analysis is an important screening test for a married couple. The fetus should be screened for SCD if one parent is a carrier for SCD (Tshilolo et al, 2008) (Streetly et al, 2009). It is important to ensure whether the child is heterozygous or homozygous for SCD for reasons such as financial preparation for treatment of the child (if child is homozygous for SCD) (Streetly et al, 2009) (Tshilolo et al, 2008). Sickle Cell gene analysis can be done using gel electrophoresis. The Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sample can be obtained from white blood cells (in adults) and from the amniocentesis fluid (in fetus). The samples can then be amplified with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (Rahimi et al, 2008) (Bruzzone et al, 2008). PCR produces copies of DNA which had been obtained from a small sample, to ensure the amount of sample is sufficient for the SCD gene analysis (Bruzzone et al, 2008) (VanGuilder et al, 2008). The multiplied DNA sample will then be digested with a restriction enzyme (Sasnauskas et al, 2007) (Rahimi et al, 2008), for instance MST 11. This enzyme recognizes the CCT-GAG-G sequence of the amino acid on the ÃŽ ²- globin and will bind to cleave (cut) that DNA strand which it recognizes (Figure 4). Due to the substitution of amino acid in SCD (CCT-GTG-G), the MST 11 enzyme cannot recognize that mutated sequence so therefore, will not cut that mutated DNA strand (Sasnauskas et al, 2007). As a result, the normal genes will be cut by the enzyme and will become short fragments whereas the sickle cell genes will be an uncleaved long fragment. The DNA from a normal individual (Hb AA), SCD carrier (Hb AS), and SCD homozygous individuals (Hb SS) produces fragments of different sizes and lengths (Rahimi et al, 2008) after digested with the restriction enzyme. Figure 4: The picture on the (left) shows the sites recognized and would be cleaved by the restriction enzyme in a normal ÃŽ ²- globin allele, whereas the enzyme would not cut the altered ÃŽ ²- globin allele (SCD). The picture on the (right) shows the different fragments bands of different sizes and lengths demonstrated in a gel electrophoresis (www.bio.miami.edu) These fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis (Figure 4). Gel electrophoresis is used to separate molecules such as DNA by using an electric field applied to a gel matrix. Smaller DNA fragments are able to squeeze through the pores of the gel, compared to the larger fragments (Rahimi et al, 2008). The sickle cell genes (long fragments) will be slowest to move compared to the normal genes which had been cut (short fragments). The electrophoresis gel will finally be stained and observed under an Ultra Voilet Transilluminator to view the bands produced. This experiment was carried out in order to outline a scheme for the investigation of Sickle Cell Gene Analysis and to understand and carry out the agarose gel electrophoresis. Besides that, the importance of restriction enzyme and the mechanism of the enzyme in separating the specific amino acid sequence were completely understood. The fragment bands observed on the gel electrophoresis from the experiment results was interpreted and understood. Method Gel Bed Preparation The open ends of a clean and dry gel bed (casting tray) was closed by using a tape. The  ¾ inches wide tape was extended over the sides, and the bottom edges of the bed. The extended edges of the tape were then folded back onto the sides and bottom. The contact points were pressed firmly to form a good seal. Next, the well former template (comb) was placed in the first set of notches at the end of the bed. The comb was placed firmly and evenly across the bed. Casting Agarose Gels Agarose gel (0.8g), concentrated buffer (2ml of 50X), and distilled water (98ml) were added into a 250 ml flask to prepare the gel solution. The volume in the flask which gave the total volume of 100 ml was marked with a marker pen. Next, the mixture was swirled to disperse the agarose powder clumps. The level of the solution on the outside of the flask was indicated with a marker pen. The mixture was then heated to dissolve the agarose powder. The flask was covered with a plastic wrap to minimize the evaporation rate. The mixture was then heated in high temperature for a minute. After that, the mixture was swirled every 25 seconds while it was heated in high temperature, until all the agarose was completely dissolved. The final solution produced was clear (like water), without any undissolved particles in it. The agarose solution was then cooled to 550 C by swirling it carefully, so even dissipation of heat was promoted. Distilled water was added to bring the solution up to the orig inal volume as marked on the flask when evaporation was detected. The interface of the gel bed sealed with the tape, was checked once the gel has cooled slightly to avoid leakage of the agarose solution. A transfer pipette was used to deposit a small amount of cooled agarose solution to both ends of the bed and left for a minute for the agarose to solidify. Finally, the bed was placed on an even surface and the cooled agarose solution was poured onto the bed. The gel was allowed to completely solidify. The gel appeared firm and cool after approximately 20 minutes. Gel Preparation for Electrophoresis The tape was carefully and slowly removed from the gel bed once the gel was completely solidified. The comb was slowly pulled straight up to be removed. This was done carefully and evenly to prevent the sample wells from tearing. The gel (on the bed) was placed into the electrophoresis chamber, orientated properly and centred on a level and even platform. The 50X buffer was then diluted in distilled water to prepare a 500 ml of 1X buffer. Once the buffer was prepared, it was poured into the electrophoresis apparatus chamber. The gel was completely covered with the buffer. The samples were then loaded to conduct the electrophoresis, as discussed below. Loading of Samples The sample volumes were checked to ensure small amounts of samples were not clanged onto the walls of the tubes. The entire volume of the samples was ensured to be at the bottom of the tubes, before the gel was loaded with the samples. 25 µl of DNA samples from tubes A to F was loaded into the wells in a consecutive order (Table 1). Running the Gel The cover was snapped down carefully onto the electrode terminals after the DNA samples were loaded. The negative and positive colour coded indicators on the cover and the apparatus chamber was properly orientated. The plug of the black wire was inserted into the black input of the power source (negative input) and the plug of the red wire was inserted into the red input of the power source (positive input). The power source was set at 125V and the electrophoresis was conducted for 30 minutes. Bubbles observed on the two platinum electrodes indicated that the current was flowing properly. Once the electrophoresis was completed, the power was turned off and the plug was unplugged from the power source. The leads were disconnected and the cover was removed. The gel was removed from the bed to be stained with Ethidium Bromide. Staining the Gel After electrophoresis, the gel was placed on a flat surface and was moistened with several drops of the electrophoresis buffer. The Ethidium Bromide staining card adhesive was removed and placed onto the surface of the gel (where the wells were). Fingers were firmly run over the entire surface of the card several times. Once that has been done, an empty beaker or the casting tray was kept on top of the gel with the staining card to maintain good contact between the gel surface and the card. The gel was left to stain for about 15 to 20 minutes. The card was then removed from the gel surface and the surface of the gel was rinsed with the buffer. The gel was then examined on a Visible Light Gel Visualization System or an Ultra Violet Transilluminator. The fragment bands formed on the surface of gel was observed, and interpreted. Discussion Based on the results obtained, Sample A (Control for Normal Gene) had only 2 bands on the gel when observed under the UV Transilluminator. This is because, the restriction enzyme, MST 11 only cuts the amino acid sequence which it recognises. The MST 11 had cut the CCT- GAG- G sequence from the DNA strand of this normal Hb A gene. Therefore, two bands are formed instead of 1 band. The long fragment had now been cut to two short fragments. Since the MST 11 only recognises the CCT- GAG- G sequence which is on the beginning of the strand, this band appears shorter than the remaining band after it has been cut. Short fragments are able to squeeze through the gel pores easily compared to the longer fragments. Since glutamic acid (GAG) is negatively charged, and is therefore shorter than the remaining fragment, this fragment travels faster and further from the well towards the anode (positive terminal) compared to the remaining fragment. Sample D (Mothers DNA) had the same results as Sample F (Fathers DNA) and Sample B (Control for Sickle Cell Trait Gene). There were 3 bands observed on the gel under the UV Transilluminator. Since these samples are heterozygous for SCD (Hb AS), they have inherited 1 copy of normal gene and 1 copy of defective gene. The restriction enzyme did not recognize the sickle cell gene (CCT- GTG- G). Therefore, the MST 11 enzyme did not cut that sequence. As a result, that fragment appeared to be 1 long fragment and could not easily squeeze through the pores of the agarose gel. As a result, this fragment was not able to move fast and further from the well. However, the MST 11 restriction enzyme recognised and had cut the normal gene which was present. Therefore, when the DNA strand was cut, two shorter fragments were formed which easily travelled through the pores and were able to travel away from the wells. The A gene with the shorter fragment travelled further compared to the remaining fragm ent. Sample E (Unborn Childs DNA) had the same results as Sample A (Control for Sickle Cell Anaemia Gene). Only 1 band was observed on the gel under the UV Transilluminator. Since the sample is homozygous for sickle cell (Hb SS), the baby had inherited 2 copies of defective gene from the parents. The restriction enzyme did not recognize the Sickle cell gene (CCT- GTG- G) and did not cut the DNA strand. As a result, the fragment remained as 1 long fragment and was not able to squeeze though the pores of agarose gel easily. This fragment moved extremely slow and could not move very far from the wells. The inheritance pattern which had caused the child to be Homozygous for SCD had been discussed above (Figure 3). SCD can lead to complications such as anaemia, jaundice and stroke if left untreated (Pan et al, 2007) (Nagababu et al, 2008). This is because, when substitution of amino acid occurs due to the mutation, a new longitudinal polymer which has valine in the 6th position of the beta chain instead of glutamic acid is polymerized. Haemoglobin S is formed due to this. During hypoxia (less oxygen supply to tissues), aggregation of haemoglobin takes place due to the presence of the hydrophobic valine instead of the polar glutamic acid in the 6th position of the ÃŽ ² -globin chain (Cleon et al, 2009) (Stuart and Nagel, 2004). As a result, red blood cells with sickle shape which are fragile and not flexible are formed (Nagababu et al, 2008) (Pan et al, 2007) (Manchikanti et al, 2007). C:UserscompaqDesktoprd_sicklecell.jpg Figure 5: The complications of Untreated Sickle Cell Disease (ICAGEN Ion Channel Advances, 2010) Children with SCD will normally be closely observed by a paediatrician in order to ensure they are healthy. These children will be subscribed with folic acid to be taken daily to stay healthy. Besides that, penicillin is also required in order to prevent them from getting illnesses due to their weak and immature immune system (Ndefo et al, 2009). Complications due to Sickle Cell Disease Treatment Streptococcus Pneumoniae sepsis Newborn 5 years (Penicillin VK) 2years and above (23- valent Streptococcus Pneumoniae polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) Bone marrow Aplasia and Megaloblastic erythropoiesis Folic acid Stroke Blood transfusions Pain Episodes Hydroxyurea (complete blood count monitored every 2 weeks, Hb F monitored every 6 -8 weeks, and serum chemistries monitored every 2- 4 weeks) Other than that, hydroxyurea are also given to children with SCD. Hydroxyurea works by activating the fetal haemoglobin production to replace the production of Haemoglobin S which results in SCD (Ndefo et al, 2008). Children with SCD who has a high risk for developing stroke, will be given blood transfusion frequently (Vichinsky et al, 2007) (Kirkham, 2007). A blood transfusion replaces the sickle cells with normal red blood cells which leads to a good supply of oxygen to the brain, which will reduce the chances of stroke in children (Kirkham, 2007) (Nagababu et al, 2008). Unfortunately, blood transfusions causes iron overload in the body because the body lacks mechanism to excrete iron (Vichinsky et al, 2007). An overload of iron results in iron deposition in various organs which can be fatal if untreated (Vichinsky et al, 2007). Therefore, children with regular blood transfusions will be given chelating agents (Vichinsky et al, 2007) such as desferrioxamine to excrete iron from the body through the urine and faeces. Bone marrow transplantation is the only cure for SCD (Ndefo et al, 2008). The affected bone marrow will be replaced with a closely matched Human Lymphocyte Antigen (HLA) bone marrow from a healthy individual (Ndefo et al, 2008). Bone marrow transplants enables, new and normal healthy red blood cells to be produced. The disadvantages of bone marrow transplantations are the occurrence of Graft Versus- Host Disease (GVHD). Based on the study by Ndefo et al (2008), it was suggested that there will be an 85% chance of survival free from SCD, 7% chance of developing bone marrow transplant complications and a 9% chance of GVHD failure rate with a bone marrow transplant procedure. Conclusion As a conclusion, gel electrophoresis is found to be an excellent way to aid in the analysis of sickle cell genes. Using gel electrophoresis, many samples can be analysed at the same time, and its results are specific and accurate. The disadvantages of this method are that analytical errors might occur due to the large amount of sample handling and it is costly. Although it is costly, this method can increase the awareness of the carriers of SCD about the presence of Hb S in them, which can aid in their future family planning. Children with homozygous SCD, can be prevented from suffering from SCD complicatio

Why Organization Should Be Concerned With Labour Turnover

Why Organization Should Be Concerned With Labour Turnover Any business needs a source of labour to function. This axiom applies equally whether we rely solely on a basic economical model of the firm, with labour as one of the four factors of production (Bannock, Baxter and Davis 1988), or a Marxist account, which emphasises labour power (Marx 1867 / 1946: 169), or subscribe to more complex models of organizations, which place importance on intellectual or human capital and the importance of knowledge management (Harrison 1999: 409-412). To establish the need to manage resourcing, we do not need to refer to any given context, it follows apriori from any view of an organization. Even if organizations of the future have virtual employees, they will need to manage them as a resource. When an employee leaves, this can have a variety of effects that not only impact on the organization, but also the individual employee and wider society (Mobley 1982: 15-31). These can be positive or negative (Mobley 1982; Hom and Griffeth 1995: 13-33), and a great er understanding of the process of labour turnover can increase the degree to which organizations and employees within organizations can influence these effects (Dalton, Krackhardt and Porter 1981; Dalton, Todor and Krackhardt 1982). In addition to the management of resourcing being an a priori concern, there is a posteriori justification for studying this phenomenon. Current explanations of employee turnover fail to offer either predictive or explanatory power (Aquino, Griffeth, Allen and Hom 1997). Despite an enormous literature on turnover in organizations (Price 1977; Mobley 1982), there is as yet no universally accepted account or framework for why people choose to leave (Lee and Mitchell 1994). This prohibits understanding the phenomenon after the event, yet neither is there an accepted means of assessing the likelihood of an individuals deciding to leave in the future (Terborg and Lee 1984), which prohibits prediction of turnover. 1.2 Voluntary and involuntary turn over: We use turnover to mean voluntary cessation of membership of an organization by an employee of that organization. This answers Prices call to make voluntariness explicit, which is important as it is in instances where the employee controls the leaving process that organizations and theorists have an interest in turnover. This definition also refers to cessation of membership (Mobley 1982: 10), but it should be acknowledged that from a more institutional or organizational perspective, turnover may also include accession or entry. The scope that a voluntary / involuntary dichotomy offers for classifying the phenomenon enables directed, systematic research (Price 1977). Particularly where turnover is thought to be associated with a factor (such as organizational commitment), or to be preceded by a psychological state (such as intent to quit), drawing the distinction between voluntary and involuntary turnover is important, otherwise assessment of such a relationship in terms of all organ ization leavers will be flawed. Involuntary turnover may occur for reasons which are independent of the affected employee(s), such as the (real or perceived) need to cut costs, restructure or downsize. Inclusion of these cases in a study of organization leavers, will mean any relationship between turnover and a personal characteristic will be significantly diluted. Even where involuntary turnover occurs for reasons associated with an individual employee (such as poor performance), it is likely these cases are more representative of the wider sample of organizational members in relation to the processual dimension of a decision to leave than any sub-sample of organizational leavers would be. Where an instance of turnover is genuinely voluntary, this instance represents the exercise of choice and is the result of a decision process. To this degree, the set of instances of involuntary turnover (where employees have been forced to leave) is likely to be more representative of the totality of organizational members than the set of instances of voluntary turnover (where employees have chosen to leave). To the extent that turnover involves leaving, instances of voluntary turnover also represent a purer social phenomenon, as they catalogue where individuals have chosen to terminate a significant relationship. By way of contrast, in involuntary instances, because these are in some sense owned by an abstract entity (the organization), a relational aspect to turnover namely cessation of membership, is lost. Instead other more impersonal considerations such as (remotely defined) utility prevail. In terms of the nature of social science research, study of involuntary turnover is likely to focus on consequential and extrinsic aspects, rather than intrinsic characteristics.We accept that in reality the apparently straightforward dichotomy between voluntary and involuntary turnover has limitations (Vandenberg and Nelson 1999). For example, records of instances of turnover may misrepresent the extent to which a turnover decision was voluntary. Where exit interviews are conducted, interviewers may not wish to press too hard when questioning an employee, it is also possible that they will not wish to record details that would cast the organization or the employee in a bad light (Campion 1991). The employee may have similar motives for being reticent about their reasons for leaving, and added to this they may have concerns about the extent to which full and frank disclosure could harm their prospects of receiving a favourable reference. All of these factors may muddy the putatively categorical voluntary / involuntary distinction. In 1969, Samuel called for organizations to have in place their own definitions of turnover and voluntariness in order to help them plan resource-related issues. 1.3 Avoidability: Voluntary turnover may be classified as avoidable (Abelson 1987; Campion 1991). In other words, is it a case of employee instigated turnover which could have been prevented. This classification is useful per se, as it can indicate the global scope for future planned intervention. For example, where an organization is able to identify that the bulk of voluntary turnover is beyond their control e.g. where voluntary turnover is a result of relocation by a spouse or partner, they may profit better from initiatives which seek to manage turnover post hoc, rather than spend on theorised preventative measures (e.g. increasing salary levels). 1.4 Measurement: Turnover is often not measured in a sophisticated enough manner to enable discrimination between cases where employees have chosen to leave, and cases where they have had to leave for reasons out of their control. Often organizations use a relatively crude measure of turnover such as below: (Marchington and Wilkinson 1996) ______Leavers in year_________ X 100 Average number employed in year This does not distinguish the cases where people left because they were dissatisfied, from cases where people left because of ill health or where they retired, or where they were made redundant. Yet measurement of turnover needs to be sophisticated enough to enable those responsible for resource planning to identify various categories of leavers (Worthington 1992: 278; Forbes and McGill 1985: 11-12). This is because any single-figure measure of turnover will be inadequate in so far as it treats all those who leave as an homogenous group. 1.5 Employee turnover factors: The factors that have been identified in context of the employees turnover are, Expectation not met Mismatch between the person and the role Mismatch between the person and the culture of the firm Insufficient opportunities for growth and advancement Insufficient recognition or appreciation Problems with direct manager Dissatisfaction with pay Stress Lack of work life balance Loss of confidence in the firm, particularly leadership Expectation not met In met expectation model by (Porters and Steers in 1973) the main factor behind the leaving activity of the employees in any organization is Expectation not met. In this model it is quite cleared by the writers that if an employee find his/her expectations wrong after joining the organization, which he/she had created about the employer before entering into it, then he/she immediately discouraged intrinsically and as a result going for search of alternative employers who are matching to his/her expectations of a work life. Such kind of expectations could be of any kind like it could be of working conditions, salary, career development, career growth, compensation and benefits, autonomy, time flexibility etc. The model describes this that the employees before entering into the company created a net of high expectations from their employers but if any or some of those expectations are damaged after joining the organization then the ultimate effect come up in the form of employees disco uragement which led them to leave the organization of similar category they are looking for. Mismatch between the person and the role In (P-O fit model by Kristof in 1996) the main reason defined against high turnover issue in the organizations is the Mismatch between the person and the role. According to the research work performed by Kristof, the incompatibility among the personal skills and the job requirements results frustration in employees. As the work required to be done by the employees requires specific skills and if the employees lacking in those skills then ultimately the effect will be to the employer and as a result the employer will get after the employee again and again which makes the employee irritated and an internal motivation to switch the job will force him to do so. Similarly, the research work explained in quite detail that such kind of differences occur across the organization quite often when the job specification and description is not communicated properly to the employees. Mismatch between the person and the culture of the firm The major factor behind the high turnover among the employees of any organization which is Mismatch between the person and the culture of the firm. The model is describing it in very much detail that the surroundings are creating a great impact on the human beings output. The more the friendly and challenging the environment will be the more a person will be able to perform up to his/her maximum level of output. Reference: Employee Turnover Problem Faced by Telecom Industry in Pakistan Insufficient opportunities for growth and advancement The Organizational Equilibrium Model is very well known and recognized researchers, named,(March and Simons in 1958) describing an other important factor related to the dissatisfaction of the employees which is Insufficient opportunities for growth and advancement. The model is specifically focusing on the pre-entrance expectations of the employees towards their employers. Because not in every case it istrue that according to employee the value is money rather in current era, as described in (P-O fit model by Kristof in 1996) the less organizational culture of opportunities are playing a major role in de-motivating the employees and leading them to move to the competitions (sometimes at less financial benefits). Insufficient recognition or appreciation (Lee and Mitchells Unfolding Model in 1996) explains important factor-insufficient recognition or appreciation. According to the researchers this factor actually forcing the employees to move out of the organizations, if, their efforts are not recognized very well by the employer. Whenever an employee going after to perform some task, assigned by the management, he/she always looking towards the management for getting some rewards from them for creating intrinsic motivation for him/herself. Problems with direct manager Sometimes the employers are very much efficient in providing excellent organizational culture which led their employees to remain with them for longer terms. But, still, the employees are not feeling comfortable in remaining there in the organizations. (Hulin in 1995) identified the reason for such kind of problems facing by the employers. Hulin described a very important factor-Problems with direct manager in a model, named, Attitude-with drawl behavior Model in 1995. The same factor is also identified by the (Chen et al. in his Organizational Citizenship Model in 1998) in which, he showed agree ness with lot of outcomes of the Hulins model. They both actually tried to focus on the importance of the behavior of the supervisors/ managers with their subordinates. According to their point of view, if you stressing the ego of the human beings then it is to be quite obvious that they will move to defensive mode against that particular person who is the main source behind that stress. But in an organization they could never come up with such behavior against their managers so consequently they decided to move away of the organization. Lack of work life balance (Lee Mitchells Unfolding Model in 1996) and (Beach Mitchells Image Theory in 1988) defining a very critical factor- Lack of work Life Balance behind high turnover in the organizations. As every personal in the world have his/her, own, life to which he/she want to give proper time other than work life. So whenever employees found any conflict in between both lives they prefer to move somewhere else where they could avoid such kind of conflicts. 1.6 Costs of Turnover: Analyses of the costs associated with turnover yield surprisingly high estimates. The high cost of losing key employees has long been recognized. However, it is important for organizations to understand that general turnover rates in the workforce can also have a serious impact on an organizations profitability, and even survival. There are a number of costs incurred as a result of employee turnover. These costs are derived from a number of different sources, a few of which are listed below. Recruitment of replacements, including administrative expenses, advertising, screening and interviewing, and services associated with selection, such as security checks, processing of references, and, possibly, psychological testing. Administrative hiring costs. Lost productivity associated with the interim period before a replacement can be placed on the job. Lost productivity due to the time required for a new worker to get up to speed on the job. Lost productivity associated with the time that co workers must spend away from their work to help a new worker. Costs of training, including supervisory and co worker time spent in formal training, as well as the time that the worker in training must spend off the job. Costs associated with the period prior to voluntary termination when workers tend to be less productive. In some cases costs associated with the communication of proprietary trade secrets, procedures, and skills to competitive organizations. Public relations costs associated with having a large number of voluntary or involuntary terminations in the community spreading gossip about the organization. Increased unemployment insurance costs. Reference:www.sigmaassessmentsystems.com/articles/empturnover.asp 1.7 Model of Employee Turnover: The goal of effective management of turnover dictates that a high level of sophistication, and thereby particularity, needs to be achieved by organizations in order to selectively influence the turnover process. Voluntariness may need to be defined differently for each organization (Samuel 1969) and measurement of turnover may need to be at a level of detail far greater than that currently employed by many organizations (Campion 1991). Additionally, even where problems in costing turnover (Cheng and Brown 1998; Hom 1992) can be resolved, there remain inescapably problematic aspects to determining relationally defined aspects such as avoidability (Abelson 1987) and functionality (Dalton et al. 1982). In the light of these contingent complications, the aim of a comprehensive theory of turnover can seem unrealistic. This aim seems further complicated if an attempt to predict turnover behaviour is our goal, although as( Lee and Mowday 1987) point out, although researchers tend to emphasi ze prediction as a criterion in judging models, we should not lose sight of the importance of understanding as a goal of scientific enquiry. The phenomenon of turnover is of interest to organizations and theorists because it is significant (Price 1977), potentially costly (Mobley 1982) and relatively clear cut (Porter and Steers 1973). It also describes the end result of a decision process (Lee and Mitchell 1991). All these characteristics also indicate that the phenomenon is likely to attract interest from modellers. The framework of study includes three different models based on various factors that are assumed to have a strong effect on employees turnover intention. First model is presented in Fig.1. It includes three sets of independent factors: demographic, controllable, and uncontrollable. Turnover intention is the dependent factor in this model. Turnover intention has been used very often in past researches. (Fishbein and ajzens1975) theory of attitude postulates that the best predictor of individual behavior will be measure of his intention to perform that behavior. (Shore and martin 1989) noted that turnover intention is an appropriate dependent variable because it is linked with actual turnover. (Price and mueller 1981) even recommended the use of turnover intention over actual turnover because the latter is more difficult to predict as there are external factors that affect turnover behavior. Moreover, turnover intention may be a better barometer of management practices than actual turnover. For example, it is possible that, despite high turnover intention, actual turnover is low because of high unemployment in an industry. The low turnover in this cas e, may mask the poor management practices. Employee Turnover model fig 1 Factors Age Gender Education Tenure Income Level Job Category Turnover intension Uncontrollable Factors Perceived Alternative of Employment opportunity Job Hopping Controllable Factors Pay Nature of Work Supervision Organizational commitment 1.8 Industry Analysis MOBILINK ® PAKISTAN Vision Statement: To be the leading Telecommunication Services Provider in Pakistan by offering innovative Communication solutions for our Customers while exceeding Shareholder value Employee Expectations. Reference: (http://www.mobilinkgsm.com/about/vision.php) Mission Statement: To be the leading mobile service provider in Pakistan, providing the best quality services for the maximum number of customers, the best working environment for our employees and top value for our shareholders. Objectives: To be No. 1 in all its mobile businesses Continue to capture more market before competitors arrive. To increase market share up to 70% this year To achieve turnover of 20% in 2007 To provide customer with best value for spending and service at low cost Reference: Employee Turnover Problem Faced by Telecom Industry in Pakistan Market Share: With the monthly additions average around 2.5 million subscribers, 2007 has been a phenomenal year for the mobile market growth in Pakistan Mobilink is pioneer of GSM technology in Pakistan and is market leader in mobile Communication. Mobilink has got huge market share of 62%.It portfolio remain in stars for last 5 years or so. Mobilink has market penetration of more than 2.3% per year. It has 2.5 million users. Mobilink Jazz has 85% share of prepaid. Due to large market share and high profitability it helps to expand the business. Reference: http://telecompk.net/2007/10/01/mobile-market-2007-mobilink-at-top/ 1.9 Employee turnover factors involved in mobilink pakistan The factors that have been identified in context of the employees turnover a Mobilink ® Pakistan. are: Employees at Mobilink often look for alternative jobs The alternative of job is positively related to employee turnover (hulin et al,1985; steel and griffeth,1989). The importance of this factor increases in the context of Pakistan telecom industry because there are more competitors and opportunities for finding jobs with other employers are in great number. The presence of number competitors in this industry may be a reason for the employees to perceive that they can easily find jobs in the market. Given the labor market conditions and number of jobs available in market, may potentially be a major reason of employee turnover. Employees expectations about Mobilink are not met In met expectation model by (Porter Steers 1973) it was discussed that if the expectations of employees about their job are not met, they become dissatisfied and it eventually makes up the turnover intention. Employees were asked various questions about their expectations about Mobilink before they joined it and the level to which these expectations were met. Employees are not satisfied with the training opportunities and training effectiveness. Training is very important in employees growth and career development. If employees are not provided with sufficient training opportunities and relevant training contents, then they dont see growth in their career and this phenomenon creates dissatisfaction among employees. As a result, they think to find some job where they hope they can get enough training opportunities for their career development (March Simons 1958) Organizational Equilibrium Model). Employees at Mobilink were asked about the training opportunities and training effectiveness. The collected information will help to find out the significance of this factor in employee turnover at Mobilink. Employees are not satisfied with the amount of help they get from supervisor and fellow workers. Employees satisfaction with supervision and with the help they get from co-workers is negatively associated with employee turnover (Debrah,1993). Supervisors attitude with subordinates is very important in organizational context. It is commonly believed that employees dont leave the job, they leave the bosses. The help from peers and co-workers also plays a very important role in organizational commitment. Employees are tied in strong bonds if the overall culture in an organization is helping and friendly. On these theoretical justifications, it was very important to find out the significance of employees satisfaction with the amount of help they get from supervisors and fellow workers in Mobilink. Employees are not satisfied with the growth opportunities One of the major motivation for employees to work with any organization is the growth and advancement opportunities they are provided. (In organizational equilibrium model, 1958, March Simon) discuss that insufficient opportunities for growth and advancement prove to be dissatisfying for employees. This hypothesis will help us to identify that whether or not employees are satisfied with the growth opportunities at Mobilink. Employees do not have a good work-life balance. Lack of work-life balance is a source of employees dissatisfaction (Lee Mitchells Unfolding Model 1996). If after the job, employees are not left with enough time to spend with their families and for their personal activities, they are de-motivated and this fact forces them to think about leaving the job (Beach and Mitchells Image Theory 1988). In present conditions of competition among different employers in telecom sector, there is a possibility that employees are being stretched to give maximum output and this may cause a misbalance between the work and employees personal life. 1.10 Strategies to minimize employee turnover: Strategies on how to minimize employee turnover, confronted with problems of employee turnover, management has several policy options viz. changing (or improving existing) policies towards recruitment, selection, induction, training, job design and wage payment. Policy choice, however, must be appropriate to the precise diagnosis of the problem. Employee turnover attributable to poor selection procedures, for example, is unlikely to improve were the policy modification to focus exclusively on the induction process. Equally, employee turnover attributable to wage rates which produce earnings that are not competitive with other firms in the local labour market is unlikely to decrease were the policy adjustment merely to enhance the organizations provision of on-the job training opportunities. Given that there is increase in direct and indirect costs of labour turnover, therefore, management are frequently exhorted to identify the reasons why people leave organizations so that appropria te action is taken by the management. Extensive research has shown that the following categories of human capital management factors provides a core set of measures that senior management can use to increase the effectiveness of their investment in people and improve overall corporate performance of business: Employee engagement, the organizations capacity to engage, retain, and optimize the value of its employees hinges on how well jobs are designed, how employees time is used, and the commitment and support that is shown to employees by the management would motivate employees to stay in organizations.. Knowledge accessibility, the extent of the organisations collaborativeness and its capacity for making knowledge and ideas widely available to employees, would make employees to stay in the organisation. Sharing of information should be made at all levels of management. This accessibility of information would lead to strong performance from the employees and creating strong corporat e culture (Meaghan et al. 2002). Therefore; information accessibility would make employees feel that they are appreciated for their effort and chances of leaving the organisation are minimal. Workforce optimization, the organisations success in optimizing the performance of the employees by establishing essential processes for getting work done, providing good working conditions, establishing accountability and making good hiring choices would retain employees in their organisation. The importance of gaining better understanding of the factors related to recruitment, motivation and retention of employees is further underscored by rising personnel costs and high rates of employee turnover (Badawy, 1988; Basta and Johnson, 1989; Garden, 1989; Parden, 1981; Sherman, 1986). With increased competitiveness on globalizations, managers in many organizations are experiencing greater pressure from top management to improve recruitment, selection, training, and retention of good employees and in the long run would encourage employees to stay in organisations. Job involvement describes an individuals ego involvement with work and indicates the extent to which an individual identifies psychologically with his/her job (Kanungo,1982). Involvement in terms of internalizing values about the goodness or the importance of work made employees not to quit their jobs and these involvements are related to task characteristics. Workers who have a greater variety of tasks tend stay in the job. Task characteristics have been found to be potential determinants of turnover among employees (Couger, 1988; Couger and Kawasaki, 1980; Garden, 1989; Goldstein and Rockart, 1984). These include the five core job characteristics identified by (Hackman 1975) and (Oldham 1980) skill variety, which refers to the opportunity to utilize a variety of valued skills and talents on the job; task identity, or the extent to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work that is, doing a job from beginning to end, with visible results; task significance, which reflects the extent to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people, whether within or outside the organisation; job autonomy, or the extent to which the job provides freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling work and determining procedures that the job provides; and job feedback, which refers to the extent to which the job provides information about the effectiveness of ones performance (Tor et al., 1997). Involvement would influence job s atisfaction and increase organizational commitment of the employees. Employees who are more involved in their jobs are more satisfied with their jobs and more committed to their organization (Blau and Boal, 1989; Brooke and Price, 1989; Brooke et al., 1988; Kanungo, 1982). Job involvement has also been found to be negatively related to turnover intentions (Blat and Boal, 1989). Job satisfaction, career satisfaction, and organisational commitment reflect a positive attitude towards the organization, thus having a direct influence on employee turnover intentions. Job satisfaction, job involvement and organisational commitment are considered to be related but distinguishable attitudes (Brooke and Price, 1989). Satisfaction represents an affective response to specific aspects of the job or career and denotes the pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from an appraisal of ones job or career (Locke, 1976; Porter et al., 1974; Williams and Hazer, 1986). Organisational commitment is an affective response to the whole organisation and the degree of attachment or loyalty employees feel towards the organisation. Job involvement represents the extent to which employees are absorbed in or preoccupied with their jobs and the extent to which an individual identifies with his/her job (Brooke et al., 1988).The degree of commitment and loyalty can be achieved if management they enrich the jobs, empower and compensate employees properly. Empowerment of employees could help to enhance the continuity of employees in organisations. Empowered employees where managers supervise more people than in a traditional hierarchy and delegate more decisions to their subordinates (Malone, 1997). Managers act like coaches and help employees solve problems. Employees, he concludes, have increased responsibility. Superiors empowering subordinates by delegating responsibilities to them leads to subordinates who are more satisfied with their leaders and consider them to be fair and in tu rn to perform up to the superiors expectations (Keller and Dansereau, 1995). All these makes employees to be committed to the organization and chances of quitting are minimal. 1.11 Conclusion Statistical analysis prove that Mobilink employees have sufficient perceived alternatives for jobs, employees dissatisfaction with the performance management system and employees bad work-life balance, have proven to be valid. Whereas other hypotheses, employees expectations about Mobilink are not met, employees are not satisfied with the training opportunities and training effectiveness, employees are not satisfied with the growth opportunities and employees are not satisfied with the amount of help they get from supervisors and fellow workers, proved to be invalid. So, on the basis

Where Have All The Good Ones Gone? :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Honesty. Respect. Integrity. Motivation. Dedication. Patriotism. The preceding words represent qualities many of today’s American students lack. Many US citizens question the reason behind this decline of morality within the educational system. Parents blame the teachers; teachers claim the students are unable to be taught and parents aren’t attempting to assist teachers in their quest to disperse their knowledge. As for the students, they just don’t care. Who exactly is to blame? Students? Teachers? Parents? More importantly, how this be fixed? Government programs like the recent â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act aren’t as effective as they claim, and bribing the students with field trips and Coke float parties do not work. What is a nation, quickly filling with uneducated young adults, to do?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many theories have been tested as to why students are becoming lazy and, for lack of a better word, stupid. Most fingers are pointed towards parental control. Commercials geared towards a drug-free America tell parents to ask questions: Who? What? Where? When? Most parents are too caught up in the drama of their own lives to wonder who their kids hang out with, and where and what they are doing with them. They are more concerned with Mr. Limon not paying them for overtime or why Clint and Robert got fired. Students are ignored and seldom rewarded for good behavior. However, when Mom and Dad get a call from the school when little Johnny was caught smoking marijuana in the boys’ bathroom, it’s a different story. The parents become involved, but for all the wrong reasons. When the parents confront Johnny, he responds negatively, with slamming doors and outbursts of â€Å"You’re ruining my life† or â€Å"I can’t believe you!!† It shouldn’t take a drastic measure for children to get their parents’ attention. Parents should want to know what’s going on in their child’s life, in all aspects. In movies, the parent-teenager relationship is portrayed as something very awkward and forced. The way to solve this: change how it is seen in real life. Parents should talk to their children more, and their children will learn to trust them. In one family, a 30-something year old mother has a 16-year-old daughter. Because of their healthy relationship based on trust and understanding, the daughter considers her mother her best friend. Families need to spend more time together and less time on the run. Plan an uninterrupted family night—cell phones get turned off, computers are unplugged—where the family just plays a nice game of Monopoly or Life, or watches a movie based on positive moral values.

In The Stag Hughes seems to comment on man’s relationships with nature

In The Stag Hughes seems to comment on man’s relationships with nature With reference to The Stag and one other poem in the section discuss the poet’s treatment of conflict between man and nature. â€Å"In ‘The Stag’ Hughes seems to comment on man’s relationships with nature† With reference to ‘The Stag’ and one other poem in the section discuss the poet’s treatment of conflict between man and nature. The Stag was written by a poet named Ted Hughes and is similar to the poem Roe-Deer in many respects because they feature many similar ideas. The poem is about the distant relationship between humans and nature, in this case it is a Stag the represents the natural side and its actions compared to the humans and their actions. The whole story of the poem is portraying a negative image as it is about horsemen hunting the stag with hounds. The hunting of such a beautiful creature just shows us how cruel we are as a race and how unnecessary it is for us to be hunting such an animal and this poem helps us realise that this is going on all the time and it is just a reminder. ...

National Crime Survey

Would you answer honestly if participating in a national crime survey asking about your criminal behavior, including any drinking and drug use? Yes I would participate in the survey. I would be honest because I have nothing to hide and no reason to lie. But for some they don’t want people to know what crimes they have committed or they lie about the extent of the crimes. But I think it’s because they want to be seen in a â€Å"good light†. A good term for this is called â€Å"Social Desirability Bias† which means that you reply in a manner that is socially acceptable and desirable. [1] The main purpose of this study is to allow the participants to describe the crimes in their own words instead of implying from observing participants. [2] Honesty in these self-report studies help many different groups to better understand crime and criminal behavior. They use these reports to gather information to put them into statistics. The reports that are used are collected from the NIBRS (National Incident-Based Reporting System) and NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) and published by FBI in their yearly UCR ( Uniform Crime Report. ) In some forms of deviance self-report studies have been proven better than police reports (ex: minor offenses among adolescents. ) In a variety of social-psychological studies these reports have been proven very useful (ex: monitoring of subjective feelings or states is at issue) [3] Dishonesty in these repo

Iliad and Achilles Actions Essay

Central to David Malouf’s Ransom, is the notion of loss, to deeply depict the fastidiousness and fragility of life. Achilles, in his quest to seek vengeance for the death of his be-loved friend, Patroclus, becomes distant as he struggles to remain emotionally intact, being unable to grasp onto the warrior and the leader he once was. Similarly, Priam’s better judgement and role as the King of Troy are clouded by the slaying of his son, Hector, acting irrationally, by conjuring up a precarious journey virtuously from a vision as a result of the trauma he has experienced from witnessing Achilles actions on his son. Consequently it takes the proceedings of Priam ransoming his son’s body to bring renewed empathy to both men. Achilles being born from both elements of earth and water is hindered to entirely comprehend who he really is. His Dad, Peleus being a great warrior and his mother, Thetis, originating from the element of water, â€Å"in all its many forms†. He inherits abilities from his mother, emulating an â€Å"eel – like, fluid weightless† sensation within himself, aiding his swift, rapid movements in battle. Yet Achilles is bought up by his father, where â€Å"he had entered the rough world of men†, thus not being exposed to the tender virtues of women, such as compassion, empathy and kind-heartedness, rather from of a young –age is subjected to â€Å"a world of pain, loss, dependency, bursts of violence and elation†. As a result Achilles is moulded by Peleus into the man; he wishes him to be, while Achilles aspires to impress Peleus to rifle for his loving approval, which is unfulfilled due to the absence of a feminine role model. Ultimately Achilles is deprived of his childhood; he is submerged into a world of violence and killing, where he becomes â€Å"numb† to the notion of death. Subsequently from the loss of his childhood, as well as being immersed in the culture of battle, Achilles is unable to find direction about who he truly is and successively he is unable to appropriately manage the loss of his dear friend Patroclus, envisioning himself as a protector to Patroclus. It is amidst Achilles emotional pain and gradual deterioration of Patroclus’ murder through which Malouf truly captures the concept of loss. Achilles visioning himself as a protector to Patroclus befalls emotionally disturbed â€Å"like a man obeying the needs of some other, darker agency†. From his childhood, Peleus taught Achilles to suppress his feelings, to not to expose to others how he felt, this strength remained mentally where he never learnt to deal with anguish and misery of his loved ones, especially Patroclus. As a result he becomes damaged and a blurred personality of what he once was that Malouf uses to show the consequences of emotional pain, to elude a resilient, strong minded leader in Achilles. Consequently Achilles becomes psychologically detached from reality, in a struggle to find solace for Patroclus’ death, reverting to massacring Hectors body repeatedly as â€Å"the self-consuming rage that drives him and wastes his spirit in despair†, is the beginning of the loss of his true self as a leader and a gladiator, which is stemmed from his ‘inward rage’, for his self-blame of Patroclus’ death, further obscuring his leadership and judgement to disrespect the body of Hector, to outwardly direct his anger at Hector’s body as a scapegoat for his true agony, at the loss of his adopted brother and the loss of his humane side, which Patroclus he him to draw away from a world of bloodshed and combat. Centralised to Malouf’s conceptual theme of loss, is the perception of loss facing Priam, through the murder and slaughter of his son, and the loss of his own perceived insignificance, as he journeys to Ransom the body of Hector. Priam’s most immediate and significant pain is climaxed, as he endures the murder of Hector, although Achilles actions ultimately prove the harshest ordeal to Priam, watching Achilles, ‘dragged the corpse to his car, secure it, knot after knot to the axle-tree, and hauled it off through the tumbling dust’. As Achilles for eleven continuous days drags ‘him up and down before the Greek Ships’, serving as a reminder to Priam for eleven days in a row, the loss and death of his son’s presence, evoking Priam to act out of instinct, journeying to re-obtain Hectors body. As a result Priam, viewing himself as an ‘ancient doll’, feels the desire and motivation due to Achilles actions, to conjure a treacherous journey, stripping himself of all ‘royal insignia’ and developing the courage to travel to the Greek camp undetected, without soldiers, but with the purity of his true self, ‘dressed in a plain white robe’. It is here that Priam’s desperation and misery are highlighted Malouf, to demonstrate the multitude of the situation, in which the way loss can diversely affect an individual, forcing them to go to great lengths to do what is perceived to them to be necessary. Ultimately, David Malouf’s concept of loss is explored through the main characters of Priam and Achilles. Both physically having the grieve for the loss of loved ones, Malouf explores this theme by depicting the dissimilar personalities of each character, and how each character adapts, copes and develops into a new leader after the ordeal of losing Patroclus and Hector. For Achilles he emerges a wrathful leader of his Myrmidons, being unable to have fully captured his emotions, as Patroclus was his escape from war. Conversely, Priam emerges as a wise man, viewing his own action as necessary, and rather than being systematic, spontaneously from a vision, journey’s to ransom the body of Hector.

Physical Chemistry

Physical Chemistry II. Final Exam Your Name: Your Student Number: 110 Normal Points + 10 Bonus Points If you get 110 points out of 120 points, you will get the full 40% assigned to the midterm exam. Your scores 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Total: out of 25 out of 20 out of 20 out of 15 out of 20 out of 20 out of 120 * All the problems are connected. In other words, to solve the problem, you may need the information and/or answers given in other problems.All necessary information is basically given. Also please consult the supplementary material handed out to you. ) (25 pts) a) (6 pts) The translational energy states in a cubic container are given by the following equation. Derive the following equation for the molecular translational partition function. You will need the following integral relation. ? ? 0 e n 2 ? ? ? dn ? ? ? 4? ? ? ? ? 1/ 2 Answers) ( ) ? ? ( ) ( ) ? ? ? ( ) (? ) ( ) ( v ( ( ) ) ) ( a^3 =V ) ( ) b) (3 pts) If the vibrational energy levels are given as follows, (b-1) where is the zero of vibrational energy? (b-2) What approximation has been made regarding the vibrational motion? Answers) (b-1) The zero of vibrational energy is at the bottom of the internuclear potential well. 2 pts) (b-2) The vibrational motion is approximated as an harmonic oscillator. (1 pt) c) (6 pts) Derive the following equation for the molecular vibrational partition function. You will need the relation applicable when x is less than 1. ?xn ? ?0 ? ? 1 1? x Answers) ( ) ? ( ) ( ) ? ( ) ? ( ) ( ) d) (2 pts)If the molecular electronic partition function can be approximated as follows, where is the zero of electronic energy? Answers) The zero of the electronic energy is taken to be the separated atoms at rest in their electronic states (2 pts). ) (3 pts) If the molecular rotational partition function is given by the following equation, what assumptions have been made? Answers) 1) The molecule is approximated to be a rigid-rotor. (1 pt) 2) The temperature is much higher than the rotatio nal temperature. (2 pts) f) (5 pts, no partial points) Based on the answers and information given above, write down the equation for the molecular partition function of a diatomic molecule. Answers) ( No partial points. ) ( ) 2) (20 pts) a) (3 pts, no partial points)For a diatomic ideal gas, write down the relationship between the partition function (Q) and the molecular artition function (q). Answers) 3pts. No partial points. ( ) ( ) b) (7 pts) Derive the following equation. Answer) ? ( ) ( )( ) ? ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ? ( ) ( ) ( ) ? ( ( ) ) ) ( ? ( ) ( ) ( ) (3 pts) (4 pts) )( ( ) ( ) (7 pts) ) ( ( ( ) ) ( ) ) ( c) (5 pts) A is given as follows. Express S in terms of Q. Answers) Path1 (1 pt) (2 pts) ( ( ) ( 5 pts) ) Path2 ( ) ? ( ) ? ? ? (2 pts) ? ? ? (3 pts) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (4 pts) ( ) ? ? ( ) ( ) ? ? ( ) ( ) (5 pts) d) (5 pts) Express S in terms of q. Use Stirling’s approximation (ln N! = N ln N – N). Answers) ( ) ( ( ) ) (2 pts) ( ) [ ( ) ] ( ) (5 pts) ) (20 pts) a) (10 pts) Calculate the standard molar entropy of Br2(g) at 298. 15 K. (10 pts if the value and unit is correct. 3 pts deduction if the value is wrong but within 20 percent of the correct answer. 3 pts deduction whenever the unit is not written or incorrect. 7 pts deduction if the value is wrong and outside 20 percent of the correct answer. ) Answers)For ( ) ( ) (3 pts) Then, ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ( ) ) ) 10 pts if the value and unit is correct. 3 pts deduction if the value is wrong but within 20 percent of the correct answer. 3 pts deduction whenever the unit is not written or incorrect. pts deduction if the value is wrong and outside 20 percent of the correct answer. b) (10 pts) Calculate the standard molar entropy of Br2(l) at 298. 15 K. The normal boiling point of Br2(l) is 332. 0 K, the molar enthalpy of vaporization at 332. 0 K is 29. 54 kJmol-1, the molar heat capacity of Br2(l) is 75. 69 JK-1mol-1 and the molar heat capacity of Br2(g) is 36. 02 JK-1mol-1. (10 pts if the value and unit is correct. 3 pts deduction if the value is wrong but within 20 percent of the correct answer. 3 pts deduction whenever the unit is not written or incorrect. pts deduction if the value is wrong and outside 20 percent of the correct answer. ) ( ) () Answers) Standard molar entropy ? 3 pts) And () ( ) (? ( ) -Liquid to boiling point ( -At boiling point ) ( ) ( -Gas ( ) ( ) ) () ( ) ( ) 10 pts if the value and unit is correct. 3 pts deduction if the value is wrong but within 20 percent of the correct answer. 3 pts deduction whenever the unit is not written or incorrect.7 pts deduction if the value is wrong and outside 20 percent of the correct answer. 4) (15 pts) a) (5 pts. No partial points) Derive the partial derivative of S with respect to T at constant P in terms of Cp and T. ) ( ) ( ) From > ( ) ( ) ( ) From (1) and (2), And ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ] ——-(2) ( ) ( ) ——-(1) Answers) Total derivative of > ( ) (5 pts. No partial points) b) (2 pts. No partial points) What is the natural variables of U? Answers) S and V c) (2 pts. No partial points) Express dU in terms of dS, dV, T, P. (Answers: dU = TdS – PdV) Answers) d) (6 pts, No partial points) Consider V and T to be the independent variables of U. Derive the expression of dU in terms of dV, dT, P, T, V, CV. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) , V and T are independent to U. ) 5) (20 pts) a) (5 pts) Derive the following equation. Answers) ( ) ? ? ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) (1 pt) ( ) (2 pts) (3 pts) ) (5 pts) b) (5 pts) Derive the following equation. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ( ) ) ) (1 pt) ( ) ( ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) (3 pts) (5 pts) c) (5 pts) Derive the following equation. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) (1 pt) ) ( [( ) ] ( [( ) ] ) ) [( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [( ) [( ) ( ) ] (3 pts) [( ) ] ] (5 pts) ] d) (5 pts) Derive the following equation and express q0 of c) as a function of T, V, etc. for the ca se of a diatomic molecule. Answer) ( ? ) ? ? ( )? ? ( ) ? [ ? ( )? ] ( ] ( ) [( (2 pt) ( ) ) ] [( ) ] ? ( ) [( ( ) ) ( ) [( ) ] (5 pts) 6) (20 pts)Consider the following reaction. a) (5 pts) What is ? rH of this reaction at 298. 15 K? Write down a numerical value with a unit. Use the given JANAF table. Answers) ? fH(H2) = 0 and ? fH(N2) = 0 ? rH = ? fH(NH3) –[ 1. 5* ? fH(H2)+0. 5* ? fH(N2) ] (2 pts) =-46. 898kJ/mol (5 pts, no partial points for wrong value. 2 pts deduction for wrong unit) b) (5 pts) What is q0/V for NH3 at 298. 15 K? Use the given JANAF table. Answers) ( ) (1 pt) ) ( ) ( ( ( ) ) ( ) )( =4. 960*1033 m-3 (5 pts) 5 pts, no partial points for wrong value. pts deduction for wrong unit c) (5 pts. No partial points) Suppose that this reaction occurs at 500 K and a total pressure of one bar and we start with three moles of H2(g), one mole of N2(g) and no NH3(g). Express G(? ) in terms of only ? and numerical values. Use the given JANAF table. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )[ ( ( ) ( ( ) ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ( ( ) ) ] ( ( ) ) ] ( ) ( ) ( ) [( ( ) d) (5 pts. No partial points) Calculate the ? value at equilibrium and KP. Use the given JANAF table. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) (3 pts) ) ( ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) (2 pts)

Osmosis

The purpose of this experiment was to test different solute concentrations on the rate of osmosis. Artificial cells were filled with different solute concentrations and placed in water and weighed at equal time intervals to show how the water moves across cell membranes and down its concentration gradient into the lower concentrated area. The weights of the cells were recorded each interval, and then the rate of osmosis was found by calculating the corrected cumulative change in weight.The prediction made was that the cells with the higher solute concentrations ould have a higher rate of osmosis and the cell filled with water and placed in 40% sucrose solution would have the highest negative weight change. Introduction The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. A selectively permeable membrane allows certain substances to cross it more easily than others (Reece, et al. 2011). Osmosis is an important process to cells because the cells are co ntinuously trying to achieve concentration equilibrium.The tonicity of a solution is the ability to cause a cell to gain or lose water molecules (Reece, et al. 2011). If a cell is in an isotonic solution, the cell does not gain or lose any water molecules, causing the net gain of weight to be zero. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there is a higher solute concentration in the cell, making water molecules move into the cell to help reach equilibrium. This causes the cell to gain weight. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, there is a higher solute concentration outside the cell, making water molecules leave the cell to attain equilibrium. This causes the cell to lose weight.Other factors, like the temperature, the particle size and the concentration gradient affect the rate of osmosis. An increased temperature can increase the rate of osmosis and osmotic pressure (Traxler 1928). Also, the particle size determines what can pass through the selectively permeable me mbrane; the channels imbedded in the membrane can only accommodate certain molecules based on size and function. Finally, the concentration gradient affects the rate of osmosis because the rate depends on how high the concentration of the solute is; the higher the concentration, the faster water moves to that concentrated area.Materials and Methods The materials needed for this experiment are: five strips of Spectra/Por 4 dialysis ubing with a pore size of 4. 8 angstroms, ten clamps, five beakers labeled 1 through 5, a graduated cylinder, and 20%, 40%, and 60% sucrose solutions. The experiment begins by softening up the dialysis tubes by soaking them in a beaker of water. When softened, rub the dialysis tubes between your fingers to reveal the opening and clamp the opposite end. Add 10 mL of the appropriate solution to each bag, squeezing the air out of the tube to make sure there are no air bubbles when clamping the other end of the tube.Three of these bags will be filled with 20%, 40% and 60% sucrose solutions. The other two will contain water. Weigh each bag on a appropriate solution, Just enough to cover the bag; four will have water and the fifth beaker will hold 40% sucrose. The bags containing 20%, 40% and 60% will be placed in water, as well as one bag filled with water; the bag of water in water will act as your control. The other bag of water will be placed in the beaker containing 40% sucrose solution. Place the five bags in their rightful beaker simultaneously and record the time.Every ten minutes the bags should be removed, blotted to get the excess solution off and then weighed. Continue weighing the bags every ten minutes or ninety minutes. To minimize experimental error, the temperature must be the same for all beakers and the bags must be blotted before weighed as much as possible to get the excess solution off. Also, the same amount of solution should be put into each beaker. Results The increase in the rate of osmosis is due to the different concentrations of sucrose, as shown in Figure One.This figure shows the weight change over time for the 20%, 40%, 60% and water in 40% sucrose solution. The results of the total weight change were: 20% sucrose in water= 5. 47 g 40% sucrose in water= 7. 31 g 60% sucrose in water= 7. 8 g Water in 40% sucrose= -4. 08 g The points plotted were used to calculate the rate of osmosis by finding the slope of the best fit line of each test. The results for the rates of osmosis were: 20% sucrose in water= . 0551 g/min 40% sucrose in water= . 0728 g/min 60% sucrose in water= . 0811 g/min water in 40% sucrose= -. 68 g/min The slopes have an increasing pattern as the sucrose concentration goes up. This means that the rate increases as the sucrose concentration increases. The corrected cumulative change in weight relates to the osmotic rate because it is divided by the time. The direction affects the rate because, if the direction of osmosis changes the rate becomes negative. Discussion The resu lts show that the solute concentration of the solution affects the rate of osmosis because the larger the concentration gradient, the faster osmosis occurs.This makes sense because the farther the cell is from osmotic equilibrium, it will gain weight faster (McCutcheon 1926). This supported our prediction. The increase in osmotic rate because of an increase in solute concentration is because water moves from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution with high solute oncentration. This means water rushes into a solute of higher concentration faster than a low concentration. This is why the artificial cell with 60% sucrose solution had the highest corrected cumulative change in weight and the fastest osmotic rate.The artificial cell containing water in 40% sucrose solution had a negative osmotic rate because water was leaving the cell and osmosis was occurring in the opposite direction. In this experiment, only one bag of water was placed in 40% sucrose solution. In other e xperiments, adding two more bags of water and placing them in 0% and 60% sucrose solutions could be tested to see if the rate of osmosis is similar performed to show temperature is a factor in osmotic rates by having the same solute concentration in solutions and placing bags filled with water into them, each having a distinct temperature.References McCutcheon M, Lucke B. â€Å"The Kinetics of Osmotic Swelling in Living Cells†. Laboratory of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. 1926. Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB. Campbell Biology. Ninth ed. Pearson Education, Inc. 2011. Traxler RN. â€Å"The Effect of Temperature on Rate of Osmosis†. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1928. 1 . This graph shows the corrected cumulative change in weight taken every ten minutes to study the rate of osmosis. . The data was collected by measuring the weight of each bag after 10 minutes and finding the difference in weight between the s tart of the experiment and each increment of time. 3. The graph shows that the higher in concentration of sucrose, the faster the rate of osmosis occurs meaning that concentration and rate of osmosis are directly related. Also, this graph displays the opposite happening when water was placed into sucrose, but is still directly related.